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شملہ معاہدہ

شملہ معاہدہ
مسعود راجپوت
یہ 1972ء کی بات ہے ۔لاہور کے ائیر پورٹ پر ملک کے حکومتی اور اپوزیشن کے سرکردہ راہنما خان عبدالولی ،مولانا مفتی محمود شاہ احمد نورانی ،پروفیسر غفور احمد ،سردار شوکت حیات ،گورنر وزرا ئے اعلیٰ ،وفاقی اور صوبائی وزیر بیورو کریٹ بڑی تعداد میں موجود ہیں ۔جو ملک صدر ذوالفقار ولی بھٹو کو ہندوستان روانگی کے وقت ملی یکجہتی اتفاق اور اعتماد کے ساتھ رخصت کر رہے ہیں تاکہ بھارت کو معلوم ہو کہ ایک بڑا سانحہ جو بنگلہ دیش کی صورت میں واقع پذیر ہو ا تھا اس کے علاوہ 5000مربع میل علاقہ 93000جنگی قیدی جو بھارت کی قید میں تھے کے باوجود یہ قوم اب ایک چٹان کی طرح متحد قوم ہے اور اب یہاں فوجی نہیں عوامی حکومت قائم ہے ۔قائد عوام تمام لیڈروں سے گلے ملے اور سب کے اعتماد اور دعائوں کے ساتھ رخصت ہوئے ۔اگلے دن شملہ میں مذکرات کی میز سچ گئی ۔پاکستانی وفد کی قیادت ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کر رہے ہیں جو نیلے لکیر دار سوٹ میں ملبوس ہیں جبکہ بھارتی وفد کی سربراہی اندرا گاندھی کر رہی ہیں ۔جو بنارس کی ساڑھی میں ملبوس ہے ۔بھارتی وفف کا غرور اور تکبر دیکھنے والا ہے کیونکہ وہ جنگ 71ء کا فاتح ہے جبکہ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو خالی ہاتھ ہے ۔مذکرات کئی گھنٹے جاری رہے بات کبھی نبتی تو کبھی بگڑ جاتی ہے بھارت کشمیر سے دستبردار ہو نے اور بنگلہ دیش تسلیم کر نے پر اڑا ہو اہے ۔جبکہ پاکستان دونوں باتوں کے لیے تیار نہیں ۔پاکستان اپنے علاقے اور قیدیوں کی باعزت واپسی چاہتا ہے ۔وفود کے چہروں پر مایوسی ہے ۔دنیا بھر کے اخبار نویس انتظار میں ہیں کہ کیا ہوتا ہے اچانک ذوالفقار علی بھٹو اندرا گاندھی کو لان میں ایک طرف لے جا کر گفتگو کر رہے ہیں تما م لوگ...

کتب سماویہ اور انسانی فکر کا ارتقاء ایک علمی و تحقیقی جائزہ

Allah has created human being and gave him the power of intellectual understandings. To utilize and make positive use of this Allah sent Holy books for guidance. While, keeping the sequence of these books and the historical evolution of human mind, one can easily recognize the symmetrical progress in both. Human starts living in caves and through his intelligence created homes to live, tools to gain meal, and so on, till todays growth. As far as, evolution of Holy books is considered, Scriptures were revealed in different portions as human at that stage couldn’t write or store on pages or another source. Old Testament was revealed earlier. It is combination of Torah, Psalms and other books. In the context of Islam, Torah was the first book revealed on Hazrat Mosa, in which commandments were given as per the level of Bani Israel. Afterwards, Psalms, containing poetic way inspires Bani Israel after the Torah and the Bible Last Holy book in the generation of Israel, comprises of observational and experiential way, as required in that era. Holy Quran, compiled and final version of all the past version, is summary and elemental book. In which, descriptive, observational, experiential, poetic, logical, argumentative and comprehensive technique are present. These all shows, ultimate intellectual growth of human is being address in Holy Quran. As Human is now intellectually at its peak so the teaching and techniques used are at highest level of literature, showing the step by step evolution and association of Holy books with Human being.

A Natural Language Based Retrieval System for Data Warehouse Using Multi-Dimensional Entity Relationship Model

Natural Language Interfaces to Databases (NLIDB) is an area of research that deals with the representation of users request to database in their native language. Currently, data warehouses are widely used by enterprises for decision making. It is important to mention that characteristics of decision-making systems are inherently different from transactional systems. The users of decision-making systems are top management (executives) who are normally non-technical having less knowledge of the data warehouse schema and about writing database technical queries. In fact, ad-hoc query is the information need of user that may not be fulfilled with front-end tools having predefined capabilities e.g. Reporting, OLAP or Data mining tools etc. Such information needs are not easy to express in technical query language. This motivated us to propose a Natural Language Based Retrieval System for Data Warehouse (NLRSDW) to support users especially in the ad-hoc query development.A Logical Schema-based Mapping (LSM) technique has been developed. Using this technique, targeted search is performed efficiently in the data instances. For targeted search, a LSM oriented mechanism has been presented. In addition, 3 searching strategies are elaborated which include 1) Identified elements searching 2) Proximal elements searching and 3) Level-wise searching to retrieve the matching instances for each data value. The retrieved instances are ranked with 5 criterions based on which an algorithm has been developed. Furthermore, solution to identify the aggregation constructs (i.e. aggregation function, measure, level and grouping attributes) accurately has been presented. Data Warehouses maintain aggregated computations to efficiently answer queries on large volume of data. It is very challenging task to interpret accurate aggregation constructs from the keyword-based query written on the Natural Language Interface to Data Warehouse. Later, a semi-automatic approach to build the Data Warehouse logical Schema-based Domain Thesaurus is proposed.This approach takes the Data Warehouse logical Schema as input and generates Domain Thesaurus using multiple sources containing Schema, Data Instances, WordNet, WWW and Domain Repository. The Thesaurus evolution approach is also presented which shows how Thesaurus can be technically expanded at user query time.An in-depth experimental evaluation has been carried out in comparison to existing systems. The results are encouraging. Using NLRSDW, non-technical users can easily write any ad-hoc information need in natural language. As a result, executives do not have to take support of IT staff and time to develop query is negligible.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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