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مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز

مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز
یہ سطور ابھی زیر تحریر ہی تھیں کہ جامعہ اشرفیہ مبارکپور کے سربراہ اعلیٰ مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز کی وفات کی اطلاع ملی ان کی عمر اسی سال سے متجادز تھی، مگر ابھی خیال نہ تھا کہ وقت موعود اتنا قریب آچکا ہے، وہ بریلوی مدرسۂ فکر سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مگر مزاج میں اتنا اعتدال تھا کہ دوسرے حلقہ کے لوگوں سے بھی خندہ پیشانی اور فراخ دلی سے ملتے تھے، علمی مشاغل کے ساتھ عبادت وریاضت سے بھی خاص شغف تھا، راقم الحروف نے ۱۹۶۸؁ء کے موسم حج میں ہندوستانی سفارت خانہ کی ایک تقریب میں پہلی بار انھیں دیکھا تھا، اور ان کی سادگی، احتیاط، اور زاہدانہ زندگی سے متاثر ہوا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ساتھ رحمت و مغفرت فرمائے، اور ان کے اہل و عیال اور عقیدت مندوں کو صبر جمیل اور دین و ملت کی پر خلوص خدمت کی توفیق عطا فرمائے۔ (’’ع ۔ق‘‘، جون ۱۹۷۶ء)یہ سطور ابھی زیر تحریر ہی تھیں کہ جامعہ اشرفیہ مبارکپور کے سربراہ اعلیٰ مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز کی وفات کی اطلاع ملی ان کی عمر اسی سال سے متجادز تھی، مگر ابھی خیال نہ تھا کہ وقت موعود اتنا قریب آچکا ہے، وہ بریلوی مدرسۂ فکر سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مگر مزاج میں اتنا اعتدال تھا کہ دوسرے حلقہ کے لوگوں سے بھی خندہ پیشانی اور فراخ دلی سے ملتے تھے، علمی مشاغل کے ساتھ عبادت وریاضت سے بھی خاص شغف تھا، راقم الحروف نے ۱۹۶۸؁ء کے موسم حج میں ہندوستانی سفارت خانہ کی ایک تقریب میں پہلی بار انھیں دیکھا تھا، اور ان کی سادگی، احتیاط، اور زاہدانہ زندگی سے متاثر ہوا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ساتھ رحمت و مغفرت فرمائے، اور ان کے اہل و عیال اور عقیدت مندوں کو صبر جمیل اور دین و ملت کی پر خلوص خدمت کی...

Role of Islamic System of Education in Moral Behavior and Spiritual Identity of Muslims

Humans have always had the curiosity to know themselves, to know the world around them, and to know their place in the world. Morality, spirituality and religion are closely intertwined, ‘certain moral ideas became united with certain religious and spiritual ideas to such an extent as to become indistinct from them’. The role of religion in educational institutions is one of the most sensitive and volatile topics on the political and legal landscape now a days especially in country like Pakistan which has been created on religious ideology. The Islamic Way of Life is based on this unique approach to life and a peculiar concept of man's place in the Universe. Islam has provided mankind with the highest possible standard of morality. This moral code, which is both straightforward and practical, provides the individual with innumerable ways to embark upon and then continues the path of moral evolution. By making divine revelation the primary source of knowledge, moral standards are made permanent and stable. The first part of the paper is about the relationship between education and its role as spiritual and moral tool of training. Second part deals with the concept of education in Islam and third part will present types of knowledge in Islam and their application as moral and spiritual tool of education. Last part will give moral and spiritual training methodology in Islamic education. The relationships between ‘moral’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religious’ seem to be akin to the relationships between the cluster ‘social’, ‘human’ and ‘political’. In each of these clusters, only beings of the kind appropriately described by the middle term can engage in activities which could be properly described by the first and third terms. Islam as religion of spirituality and morality gives a frame work to educate and train the students in modeling their life as more moral and spiritual with practical application in this life and success in the hereafter. The chief characteristic of the Islamic Concept of Life is that it does not admit a conflict, nay, not even a significant separation between life-spiritual and life-mundane. It does not confine itself merely in purifying the spiritual and the moral life of man in the limited sense of the word. Its domain extends to the entire gamut of life. It wants to would individual life as well as the social order in healthy patterns, so that the Kingdom of God may really be established on the earth and so that peace contentment and well-being may fill the world as water f ills the oceans.  

Influence of Some Heterogeneous Catalysts on Pyrolytic Conversion of Model Polypropylene and High Density Polyethylene into Fuel Like Products

Because of the limitations of petroleum products in terms of their high prices, scarce supplies, and the reality of petroleum depletion, emphasis must be on finding cheap, abundant & environmentally friendly alternative resources. Throughout the world, many steps are being taken in this direction to find alternatives to petroleum based fuels. Several substitute candidates including liquids from coal, biomass, spent lubricants, waste plastics, tyres, etc. are the focus of researchers in the past few decades to get fuel having properties similar to petroleum based oils. Among these, waste plastics are the promising one to get not only fuel like products to valorize petroleum and petrochemicals, but also to get rid of the disposal issues in a more environmental friendly way. The present work was aimed at catalytically converting two commonly used polyolefins i.e. PP and HDPE in a fixed-bed reactor over original and metal supported heterogeneous catalysts into useful products with emphasis on high conversion to liquid products that could be used as fuels or feed-stock in chemical industries. Four catalys systems i.e. original and metal impregnated titanates (BaTiO 3 ), prebaked clay (PBCs), bentonite clay (BCs) and activated carbon (ACs) were used to identify their potential as catalysts in conversion of PP and HDPE to liquid products with interest in gasoline and light gas oil fractions. All the laboratory prepared catalysts were calcined prior to use and characterized by using SEM, EDS, SAA, XRD and surface acidity measurements. The pyrolysis reactions were carried out in a steel made micro reactor under nitrogen environment. Preliminary experiments were performed in the temperature range of 250-400 °C in order to optimize the temperature. Time optimization study was also performed. The optimum temperature and time were decided on the basis of highest wt% yield of the liquid products.The effect of catalyst type and concentration on total conversion and conversions to liquid, gas and coke/residue was next studied. The optimum catalyst and its concentration in case of four catalysts systems were also decided on the basis of highest wt% yield of the liquid product. viiThe llquid products derived from both polyolefins in thermal and catalyzed runs in highest yields were subjected to compositional analyses by FTIR and GC-MS in order to study the carbon range and hydrocarbon group types distributions. The results indicated that polyolefins (both PP and HDPE) were converted more meaningfully into useful liquid products through catalytic route compared to thermal route. The catalytic activities of the various catalysts were toward formation of C 6 -C 12 C- range products in case of PP and C 13 -C 16 , and C 21 -C 30 range hydrocarbons in case of HDPE. Compared to thermal runs, the derived liquids were mostly comprised of paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Some of the catalysts used caused the formation of naphtenic hydrocarbons.Formation of oxygenates and aromatics were not observed. The standard fuel oil analyses developed for petroleum based fuels were applied to crude/lump liquids as well as their distillate fractions.The results indicated that the lump liquid pyrolysates derived from both thermal and catalytic degradation met the fuel grade criteria and may be used as feed stock to refineries or petrochemical industries. The fuel qualities of the distillate fractions (b.pt. 65-180 °C) closely matched with the gasoline and kerosene range hydrocarbons. On the other hands, the fuel characteristics of the distillates fractions (b.pt. 180-250 °C) showed that these fractions can be used as blends to marketable premium fuel products particularly gasoline & light gas oil.
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