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تمنا ئے دیدارِ مرشد

تمنا ئے دیدار مرشد
تیرے شہر میں ہم بھی آئیں گے
قسمت نے دیا ساتھ تو دیدار بھی پائیں گے

تیرے شہر کی بہاریں بہت یاد آتی ہیں
تیری مخمور نگاہیں دل پہ تیر چلاتی ہیں
تیری ادائیں مجھ کو بہت ہی بھاتی ہیں
تیرے شہر میں ہم بھی نشیمن بنائیں گے

ہم ترس رہے ہیں تیرے دیدار کے لیے
ہم مارے مارے پھر رہے ہیں تیرے پیار کے لیے
ہم تڑپ رہے ہیں تیری محفل کے انوار کے لیے
کبھی تو تیری محفل میں دل کی پیاس بجھائیں گے

ہمارے شہر میں پیاء جب تشریف لائیں گے
غم زدہ لوگ غم کی داستان سنائیں گے
نگاہِ لطف و کرم جب وہ ہم پہ فرمائیں گے
ہمارے دل بھی خوشی سے جھوم جائیں گے

محبوب سے ہم بیٹھے ہیں بہت دور
مگر دل ملنے کو ہوا ہے مجبور
قسمت میں لکھا ہے تو ملیں گے ضرور
ان کو ملنے کے لیے ہم ان کے کوچہ میں جائیں گے

چاولہ سائیں ان کی ملاقات ہوہی جائے گی
حوصلہ رکھ نہ گھبرا رحمت کی برسات ہوہی جائے گی
سب مہربانوں سے مہربان رب کی ذات ہوہی جائے گی
اک دن وصل شراب محبوب ہمیں بھی پلائیں گے

Research on Learning Strategies in Arabic Language Education

The learning of Arabic language like any other foreign language contains four main aspects; reading, writing, speaking and understanding while listening.[i] This learning process can be enhanced if the most appropriate Learning Strategy is used. In this paper the most appropriate Learning Strategy of Arabic Language is suggested. The course outlines for Arabic language are thoroughly studied and several professors and experts of Arabic Language from Pakistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Sudan are interviewed. The author, who himself has vast experience in teaching Arabic language, also had the opportunity to sit in the Arabic language classes to observe various strategies and methodologies adopted by different professors while teaching Arabic. In this paper the time spent on teaching Arabic to the students is also discussed. The appropriate size of the class room i.e, the number of students in Arabic language class also matters in improving the quality of Arabic among the students. The matter of teaching Arabic in Arabic only or in the native language of the students will also be touched in here. As the time has changed and the world is moving ahead on a fast pace, it seems necessary to apply the “Direct Method” while teaching Arabic or any foreign language.[ii] This paper will shed light on what is meant by “Direct Method”. The idea of making the student sit and memorize the dry rules of grammar has become obsolete. The idea of telling the student what part of the phrase is subject or predicate, or what is object and what is a noun or verb, may come later. The idea of memorizing the bulk of new vocabulary in the beginning can also be postponed. Hence a paradigm shift is needed here while talking about the Methodology of Teaching Arabic Language, under the heading of “Direct Method”.   [i]     Muhammad Abdul Khaliq, Professor of Arabic and co-author of 'al-Arabia baina Yadaik'. The author of this research paper had a personal interview with him on 21.03.2014, in the Institute of Arabic Language, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [ii]    This method is adopted roughly by some great scholars of Arabic language like Dr. V. Abdur Rahim who taught Arabic language for decades in the Islamic University of Madina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The author was fortunate to meet with him many times and get benefitted from his experience. See for details: Abdurrahim, V. (1999), Arabic Course for English-Speaking Students, Leicester: UK Islamic Academy. See also: Abdullah, F. Ibrahim. (1999), Iqra Arabic Reader. Chicago: Iqra International Educational Foundation. Moreover see: Fawzan, Abdurrahman and others. (2004), Al-Arabia Baina Yadaik, Riyadh: Ministry of Education.

Determination of Physic-Chemical Alterations in Tomato Due to Cmv and Role of Elicitors Against the Infection

A research was conducted at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan for the control of Cucumber mosaic virus in tomato. Aim of the study was to investigate the role of safe chemicals on disease control and molecular host-pathogen interaction. Safe chemicals included BTH (50mg/Litre) and Salicylic acid (SA) (1.4mg/liter) applied alone and in combination. During the first year of study, tomato plants were sown within glass house in the insect free environment and artificially inoculated with CMV. Next year, the experiment was conducted in the tunnel and plants were naturally inoculated by aphids with CMV which were found abundant during the cropping season. One month old healthy tomato nursery plants were transplanted after 1 hour root dip into the solutions of the SA and BTH. Later, BTH and SA were exogenously applied either weekly (w) or once (1) during the whole cropping season. Second objective of the study was to determine the role of BTH and SA for the induction of physical and biochemical changes in tomato under CMV stress condition. Experiments were conducted under completely Randomized design (CRD) with 5 replicates in glass house and RCBD in tunnel with three replicates. Means were compared with Tukey’s HSD test at 5% level of significance. Results from glass house experiment indicated that CMV severity index (out of 4.0) was least with the application of B-w (0.86), followed by BSA-1 (0.86), B1 (0.93) and BSA-w (1.26). Overall disease control was achieved up to 58-61%. Fruit quality parameters such as No. of fruits (30 No.) and fruit weight (558 g) were improved in the combined application of BTH and SA (BSA1). However, application of BTH alone enhanced the stress on tomato plants and resulted in minimum no. of fruits and plant height. Plant height was increased significantly in SA-w (36.66cm). Among biochemical parameters from leaf samples the Pigments (Lycopene, total carotenoids and chlorophyll) did not altered significantly. While defence related antioxidants/bioactive compounds were significantly elicited with both BTH and SA. Peroxidase (POD) activity was enhanced in weekly spray of BTH+SA. But it was more in ripened tomato fruit from SA and BTH treatments applied once in the season. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was higher after single dose of BTH. But tomato fruit showed more APX in weekly applied BTH. While Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was elevated in the SA treatments both in leaf and fruit samples. Malondialdehydes (MDA) concentration was more in weekly dose of BTH and BTH+SA combined. Tomato fruit also exhibited higher MDA contents in BTH+SA weekly treatment. Catalase (CAT) activity was accelerated after weekly dose of BTH+SA, however fruit indicated more CAT after single dose of BTH. Total Phenolic compounds (TPC) were higher in BTH treated samples and total soluble proteins also rose in weekly treatment of BTH and BTH+SA. Tunnel experiment demonstrated that CMV infection was least where BTH and SA were applied in combination. These doses were also helpful to retain the optimum yield. Additionally combined use of BTH & SA reduced aphid population during the experiment. Phytochemicals like Total proteins and Phenolics increased after single dose of BTH. However, POD was accelerated after combined dose of BTH & SA. Protease, MDA and SOD were raised after weekly dose of BTH and single spray of BTH+SA. While CAT and APX activity was elevated by weekly dose of BTH+SA. Activity of pigments was shifted with little margins in the tunnel experiment. Overall conclusion can be drawn that, combine application of BTH and SA gave better protection to tomato against CMV and provided efficient vector control. This protection was accompanied by various physico-chemical alterations with promising benefits for defence activity in host plants.
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