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مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں شروانی

مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں شروانی
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ نواب صدریار جنگ مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں صاحب شروانی نے۸۶سال کی عمر میں وفات پائی۔۱۸۵۷ء کے ہنگامے کے بعد جن اکابر علم وادب نے اس ملک میں مسلمانوں کی نشاۃ ثانیہ کاسروسامان کیا تھا مولاناان کے زمرہ میں ایک نوجوان رفیق کی حیثیت سے شامل تھے اس لیے انھوں نے اس دور کی بہار سامانیاں خوداپنی آنکھ سے دیکھی تھیں اور اپنی خداداد صلاحیت وقابلیت سے کام لے کر ان کی تعمیر وترقی میں خود بھی عملی حصہ لیا تھا۔ مسلم یوینورسٹی علی گڑھ، ندوۃ العلما، دارالمصنفین اعظم گڑھ، مسلم ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس، دارالعلوم دیوبند،حیدرآباد کامحکمہ امور مذہبی،یہ سب ادارے مرحوم کی اصلاحی و تدبیری کاوشوں اورگوناگوں ہمدردانہ دلچسپیوں کے جولانگاہ تھے۔دولت زرکی بہتات کے ساتھ دولت علم وفضل سے بھی مالا مال تھے۔ مرحوم کاکتب خانہ ہندوستان کاایک بہترین کتب خانہ تھا جہاں ریسرچ اسکالر آکر مطالعہ وتحقیق کی تشنگی بجھاتے تھے۔ کتابوں کی حفاظت ونگرانی اوران کی ترتیب وفہرست سازی کا خاص اہتمام کرتے تھے۔ ذوق مطالعہ کایہ عالم تھا کہ ضعف ونقاہت اوربیماری کے باوجود روزانہ پندرہ گھنٹے کتب خانہ میں پابندی کے ساتھ بیٹھتے اورمطالعہ کرتے تھے۔ متعدد کتابیں اوربہتیرے مقالات بھی ان کے قلم سے نکلے،اردو کے صاحب طرز ادیب تھے۔فارسی اورعربی شعروادب کاشگفتہ ذوق رکھتے تھے۔ دین داری اورمذہبی شعائر وآداب کااحترام ان کی فطرت تھی۔ اخلاق و عادات، طورواطوار کے لحاظ سے اب سے ڈھائی تین سو برس پہلے کی اسلامی تہذیب و شرافت کازندہ نمونہ تھے،خودداری کے ساتھ ملنساری،تمکنت کے ساتھ ارباب علم وادب کے ساتھ انکساری ان کی طبیعت کاجوہر تھا۔ انھوں نے اپنے علم وفضل سے بھی خلق خدا کوفیض پہنچایا اور دولت و ثروت سے بھی،ان چند درچند خصوصیات وکمالات کے جامع ہونے کے اعتبار سے مرحوم مسلمانوں کے اس دور میمون و مبارک کی یادگار تھے...

Macroeconomic Instability and Terrorism Nexus: Empirical Evidence in Case of Pakistan

The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.

Augmenting Software Architecture Knowledge Area Support for Personal Software Process and its Adoption to Current Local Perspective

Personal Software Process (PSP) developed by Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University (SEI-CMU) is for software engineers to better understand and improve their personal performance. It has been adopted for use in industry and academia and is also utilized for process improvement in twenty one key process areas of Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The main emphasis of the personal process is on requirement, design, code, test, and post-mortem phases of software development. Identification of risk at system structure level for estimation of cost and schedule are listed as the key focus of PSP. However, current implementation of PSP does not provide any process for risks, schedule and cost estimations at the architecture level. Neither does PSP body of knowledge provide any support for architectural knowledge area elements. Since the architecture influences all other phases of development life cycle and also has its proven benefits, its integration into the personal process should augment PSP with those additional benefits. Moreover an exploratory study performed within local Software Process Improvement (SPI) practitioners also revealed that process improvement is itself a problematic area in the local industry which is a cause for poor SPI, thus a local perspective is clearly established for CMMI based SPI participants in Pakistan. This work also is an effort to presents the support for identified issues at process engineer level SPI, by augmenting the personal software process, and adding architecture centric design keeping in view the local constrains thus further strengthening the PSP principles. The ACE architecture centric methods of Quality Attribute Workshop and Attribute Driven Design have been tailored such that the cost, time and effort impact on the engineer is minimal while the identified issue are addressed. The augmentation is performed in alignment SEI-CMU PSPBOK. The improved process is designed and executed, and the impact of improvement is validated. The improved process demonstrates positive impact of cost and schedule, induces early risk identification and reduces time to market by reducing rework and improving overall quality and satisfaction of not only the product but also the personal maturity and yield of the process engineer. Results of the case studies show that making the process architecture centric has significant advantages for personal process and overall software product quality.
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