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یونس فریدی کی غزل گوئی

یونس فریدی کی غزل گوئی
اردو کے شعری منظر نامے پر نظر دوڑائی جائے تو معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ دیگر تمام اصناف ادب اپنی جگہ اہم ہیں مگر غزل کی اہمیت وافادیت مسلمہ ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے غزل کو مقبول ترین صنف کا درجہ حاصل ہے۔ رفیع الدین ہاشمی غزل کی تعریف ان الفاظ میں کر تے ہیں:
’’غزل کے لغوی معنی عورتوں یا عورتوں کے متعلق گفتگو کرنا ہیں۔ ہرن کے منہ سے بوقت خوف جو درد ناک چیخ نکلتی ہے اسے بھی غزل کہتے ہیں۔ اس نسبت سے غزل وہ صنف شعر ہے جس میں حسن وعشق کی مختلف کیفیات کا بیان ہو اور اس میں دردوسوز بہت نمایاں ہوــ‘‘۔(۱)
اردو کی کئی شعری و نثری اصناف مغربی ادب سے ماخوذ ہیں۔ لیکن غزل اردو کی وہ صنف سخن ہے جو خالصتاً برصسغیر میں پروان چڑھی اور جس نے فارسی غزل سے استفادہ کیا۔ دیگر شعری اصناف کی طرح غزل کسی تسلسل کی محتاج نہیں بلکہ اس کا ہر شعر علیحد ہ مفہوم لئے ہوتا ہے اور ایک شعر دوسرے شعر سے مختلف مضمون بیان کر رہا ہوتا ہے۔ ایک غزل ایک ہی بحر میں کہی جاتی ہے اور غزل کے لئے مطلع کا ہونا بھی لازمی قرار دیا گیا ہے۔ اولین دور میں غزل کے اشعار کی تعداد کوتوملحوظِ خاطر رکھا جا تا تھا۔لیکن اب جد ید شعری روایات میں غزل کے اشعار کم یا زیادہ لکھنے کی قید یا پابندی نہیں۔ غزل کا پہلا شعر مطلع کہلا تا ہے۔ جبکہ آخری شعر جس میں شاعر اپنا تخلص استعمال کرتا ہے اسے مقطع کہتے ہیں۔ غزل کسی خاص یا مخصوص خیالات و مضامین کے حامل اشعار کی قید میں نہیں ہوتی بلکہ حسن وعشق ، دردو غم ،ہجر و وصال کے علاوہ مذہبی، سیاسی، سماجی اور فلسفے پرمبنی خیالات بھی اپنے اندر...

سیرت نبوی ﷺ: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Prophet Hood consists of guidance from Allah to humankind. It is a Allah given blessing and a favor that is bestowed on an individual chosen be Him to convey His message, which cannot be acquired or earned otherwise. There has never been a human being so well-respected, loved and followed as Muhammad (SAW), the final messenger of Allah. There has never been a person who has changed world history so dramatically as Muhammad (SAW) and his message. The Prophet (SAW) was the single most important person in the history of the world. Knowledge of the Prophetic Biography is necessary for every Muslim and sharing it with everyone is a responsibility. The importance of a complete biography of the Messenger as available to us cannot be under estimated in this troubled time since both Muslims as well as Non-Muslims have serious knowledge gap when it comes to even approaching the nature of the Final Prophet and the Ultimate Messenger of God sent to all of humanity, who came to restore the primordial religion of Man, the submission to Allah and His Commands. Muhammad (SAW) serves as: - Allah’s messenger and prophet to all mankind as an example of human behavior and noble character Therefore, in studying his life-story we should derive lessons and morals that can help us in our lives today.

Efficiency of Zinc Utilization in Wheat Genotypes

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a universal nutrient constraint of agricultural crops produced on alkaline calcareous soils. Crop species and varieties differ genetically in response to Zn applied to root medium. A series of solution and soil culture experiments were conducted to assess the differential Zn utilization efficiency of wheat genotypes having varying genetic attributes. In the first study, twelve wheat genotypes were grown in solution culture at adequate and deficient Zn levels. The plants were harvested twice after transplanting and Zn efficiency traits, such as biomass accumulation, Zn uptake and Zn utilization efficiency were identified. Based on the results, thus generated, the wheat genotypes Sehar-06 and Vatan were categorized as Zn efficient and inefficient respectively and selected for next studies. In second study, the wheat genotypes were grown in plastic pots containing a Zn deficient soil. Plants were harvested at maturity. The harvested plants were analyzed for uptake and distribution of Zn in wheat straw and grain. Similar response of wheat genotypes to Zn stress was observed in soil culture. Sehar-06 was selected as efficient and Vatan was selected and inefficient genotype. In the third study selected wheat genotypes were grown in solution culture to study Zn uptake, transport, and utilization efficiency. For this, plants were harvested twice and shoot samples were separated in older and younger leaves to estimate Zn translocations within plants. Wheat genotype Sehar-06 efficiently translocated Zn from roots and older leaves to younger leaves when subjected to Zn deficiency stress. The forth study involved growing of these genotypes in solution culture with adequate and deficient Zn levels for 40 days to measure root exudates released in solution. Efficient wheat genotype Sehar-06 released significantly higher amount of maleic acid under Zn deficient conditions but no trend was observed in release of fumaric acid. It is hoped that these findings will set forth useful information to categorize the wheat genotypes under study into efficient and inefficient Zn utilizers. This in turn will be helpful for researchers to plan their breeding experiments and to set genotype specific recommendations for Zn deficient soils.
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