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اچاریہ نریندر دیوجی

اچار نریندر دیوجی
افسوس ہے کہ اچار نریندر دیوجی کی موت سے ہندوستان ایک بڑی شخصیت سے محروم ہوگیا، وہ اپنے اوصاف کے لحاظ سے ہندوستان کے ممتاز ترین لیڈروں میں تھے، سیاسیؔ خدمات، ایثارؔ و قربانی، علمی قابلیتؔ، بے تعصبیؔ، اور شرافت و وضعداری میں اس دور کے کم لیڈر ان کا مقابلہ کرسکتے تھے، وہ پنڈت جواہر لال کے پرانے رفیق اور جنگ آزادی کے نامور سپاہی تھے، اس راہ میں پنڈت جی کے دوش بدوش قیدو بند کی مصیبتیں جھیلیں، اردوؔ، انگریزیؔ، ہندیؔ، اور سنسکرتؔ چاروں زبانوں میں ان کو عبور حاصل تھا، اور ان کے بڑے اچھے مقرر تھے، ان کا یہ کمال تھا کہ جب اردو یا ہندی میں تقریر کرتے تھے تو دوسری زبان کا ایک لفظ بھی نہ آنے پاتا تھا، اودھ کی پرانی راجدھانی فیض آباد ان کا وطن تھا، اس لیے اردو ان کی مادری زبان تھی اور وہ بڑی فصیح و بلیغ اردو بولتے تھے، علمی قابلیت اور تعلیمی تجربہ کی بنا پر لکھنؤؔ اور ہندو یونیورسٹی کے وائس چانسلر مقرر ہوئے، متعدد کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، ان سب سے بڑھ کر ان کی بے تعصبی اور شرافت و وضعداری تھی، ہندوستان میں اس کے جو نمونے رہ گئے ہیں ان میں سے ایک وہ بھی تھے، ایک زمانہ تک کانگریسی رہے پھر اس سے بددل ہوکر سوشلسٹ پارٹی قائم کی، اگر وہ کانگریسی رہتے تو آج مرکزی حکومت کے وزیر ہوتے، مگر انھوں نے اپنے اصول و نظریات کے مقابلہ میں دنیاوی منصب وجاہ کی کوئی پرواہ نہ کی، اب ان کی جیسی شخصیتیں مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گی، اس لیے ان کی موت ایک بڑا قومی حادثہ ہے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۵۶ء)

 

Impact of Traditional Values on the Equality of Females Living in Balochistan, Pakistan

Societies follow a traditional value. Traditions evolve and are adapted according to the wish of majority of the people. Cultures mostly are under the disposition of the patriarchal system, a system dominated by men, where women are discriminated and subjugated because they hold a vulnerable position in the society. The present study focuses on equality of women present in Quetta Balochistan, effected by the cultural values present. Data was selected from seven Government Girls degree Colleges of Quetta based on random sampling method. The researcher used SSPS tool to evaluate the data. Results highlighted that cultural values are affecting the females here in Quetta and they are not treated as equals to their male counterparts.

Some New Results in the Theory of Fractional Second Grade and Ordinary Oldroyd-B Fluids

In this thesis some results regarding the flow behavior of second grade fluid with fractional derivatives and ordinary Oldroyd-B fluid under different circumstances have been studied. Firstly, some basic concepts regarding fluid motion and integral trans- forms have been discussed. Then the fluid motion of fractional second grade and ordinary Oldroyd-B fluids through a cylinder and annulus is studied. In chapter 2, the motion of fractional second grade fluid through an infinite cir- cular cylinder has been studied. After time t = 0+ the fluid motion is produced by rotating the circular cylinder about its axis. Laplace and finite Hankel transforms are used to find exact solutions. The similar solutions for Newtonian and ordinary second grade fluids are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions by making κ → 1 and α1 → 0, respectively κ → 1 . Chapter 3 intends to establish exact solutions for the unsteady flow of a fractional second grade fluid between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders. The general expres- sions for velocity and shear stress are obtained by using Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. The motion of the fluid is produced by the inner cylinder which is ro- tating around its axis due to a time-dependent torque per unit length 2πR1 at2 . The solutions that have been obtained satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. For κ → 1, respectively κ → 1 and α1 → 0, the corresponding solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian fluids, performing the same motion, are obtained as limiting cases. In chapter 4 the unsteady helical flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid through an infinite circular cylinder is studied. The motion of the fluid is produced by cylinder that, after time t = 0+ , is subject to both torsional and longitudinal time dependent shear stresses. The general solutions are presented in series form in terms of Bessel functions J0 (•), J1 (•) and J2 (•), and satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The corresponding solutions for Newtonian, second grade and Maxwell fluids are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. Finally, the obtained solutions are compared by graphical illustrations and the influence of material parameters on the fluid motion is also underlined. Chapter 5 concerns with the unsteady Taylor-Couette flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid in an annulus due to a time-dependent torque applied to the inner cylinder. Motion is studied by means of finite Hankel transforms. The exact solutions are presented in series form in terms of usual Bessel functions, satisfy both the governing equations, and all imposed initial and boundary conditions. Similar solutions for Newtonian, second grade and Maxwell fluids performing the same motion are obtained as limit- ing cases of general solution. Finally, some characteristics of the fluid motion, as well as the influence of pertinent parameters on the behavior of the fluid motion, analyzed by graphs.
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