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مولانا حامد علی خاں

مولانا حامد علی خاں مرحوم
رام پور کسی زمانہ میں دارالعلوم اوردارالعلماء تھا۔یہاں کی گلی گلی کے اندر اونچے سے اونچے علماء موجود تھے۔طلباء کی بھی انتہائی کثرت تھی۔ہزاروں کی تعداد میں یہاں طلباء موجود رہتے تھے جس میں افغانی،پنجابی،بنگالی،آسامی،برما اوررنگون تک کے رہنے والے یہاں آتے تھے۔خود مقامی آدمیوں کوبھی انتہائی ذوق تھا کہ وہ عربی اورفارسی پڑھیں اوراس میں کمال حاصل کریں۔
یہاں پرفارسی کے باکمال حضرات میں سے مولوی عبدالرزاق خاں طالبؔ(متوفی۱۹۱۶ء)مولوی حسین شاہ خاں نامیؔ(م۱۸۹۴ء)بڑے بڑے قابل فارسی داں ہوئے۔عربی داں حضرات میں یہاں پرکچھ تومقامی علماء ہوئے اور کچھ بیرونی علماء نے یہاں آکر سکونت اختیار کرلی۔بیرونی علماء میں سے مولانا عبدالعلی بحرالعلوم(م۱۱۲۵ھ)تین سال تک رام پور میں رہے۔ملا محمد حسن لکھنوی عرصۂ دراز تک یہاں پررہے، یہیں شادی کی اور یہیں۱۷۸۴ء/۱۱۹۹ھ میں انتقال فرمایا۔ مولوی فضل حق صاحب خیرآبادی (م۱۸۶۱ء)مولوی عبدالحق خیر آبادی (م۱۸۹۹ء) بھی یہاں مقیم رہے۔عبدالحق خیرآبادی کے صاحبزادے مولوی اسد الحق صاحب نے بھی یہیں پر۱۳۱۸ھ/۱۹۰۰ء میں انتقال فرمایا۔
مقامی علماء میں سے مولانا فضل حق رامپوری بڑے جلیل القدر علامہ ہوئے۔ برما سے لے کر بخارا تک ان کا چرچا تھا۔انھوں نے بڑی گراں قدر تصانیف چھوڑی ہیں کہ جن کے پڑھنے والے اور پڑھانے والے بھی اب دنیا میں موجود نہیں رہے۔مولانا موصوف میرے استاذ تھے اور عرصۂ دراز تک مدرسہ عالیہ کے پرنسپل رہے۔ ۱۹۴۰ء میں وصال ہوگیا۔ مولانا منور علی صاحب (م۱۹۳۳ء) یہاں کے مشہور محدث تھے۔ان کے استاذ الاستاذ میاں محمد شاہ صاحب (۱۹۲۰ء)اوران کے استاذ میاں حسن شاہ صاحب(م۱۳۱۲ھ)محدثین کرام میں سے تھے۔مولوی اکبر علی خاں صاحب(م۱۳۰۲ھ)بھی یہاں کے مشہورومعروف محدث تھے، مولانا عبدالعلی خاں ریاضی داں (م۱۳۰۳ھ) اور مولوی عبدالعلی صاحب منطقی(م۱۲۷۸ھ)بھی یہاں کے مشہور عالم ہوئے۔ الغرض یہ حضرات وہ تھے کہ جن میں سے بعض کو میں نے خود بھی دیکھا تھا۔ میرے طالب علمی کے زمانہ میں مولوی...

Comparative Analysis of Municipal Powers in Karachi

This study aims to draw a comparative analysis of the powers of local governments in Karachi. The subject of local government structure and its authority has become more important in the current local scenario. The findings of the study reveal that in past successive civilian governments in Pakistan did not pay attention to developing a solid local government system and instead preferred controlling districts and tehsils through the bureaucracy, with the absence of democracy and accountability at the local level. Instead of using this third tier of the government for the delivery of swift and better municipal services, they always made an effort to keep them weakened through legislation at different levels. The situation has now got worst in the biggest city and economic hub of Pakistan where people are deprived of basic facilities due to a handicapped system. The Mayor of the biggest city of Pakistan felt powerless as the provincial government through the Sindh Local Government Act 2013 deprived the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation of its main functions. The local bodies will have to be given the authority and essential powers. Only then these institutions can be made capable of providing basic services to the people.

Investigation of Electrical and Optoelectronic Properties of Vanadyl Phthalocyanine for Organic Electronic Devices

The characterization of organic semiconducting materials, such as Metal Phthalocyanines (MPcs), has received great attention because of the increased activity in the potential use of these conjugated species in a broad range of electronic and photonic devices. MPcs are used in a variety of applications such as solar cells, field- effect transistors, sensors, etc., due to their thermal and chemically stability. In the research work reported in this dissertation, optimization and characterization of Vanadyl 2,9,16,23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO) thin films is undertaken for potential applications in organic electronic devices, such as, humidity sensors and solar cell. This study has been carried out in four phases. In the first phase, the effect of annealing is examined on the structural, morphological and optical properties of Vanadyl Phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO) thin films. Phase two comprises spectroscopic absorption studies made on different proportions of the blends VOPcPhO and (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). In phase three, symmetrical and asymmetrical electrodes with gaps of 40 μm and 17 μm are fabricated using shadow mask and lithography. Then using these electrodes VOPcPhO based surface type sensors are fabricated and humidity sensing properties of VOPcPhO thin films are investigated. Finally, photovoltaic properties of VOPcPhO films are studied in the fourth phase of this work. The effect of thermal annealing on the structural, morphological and optical properties of Vanadyl Phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO) thin films is investigated for optoelectronic applications. The AFM results show that the surface roughness increases with increasing annealing temperature making the annealed films more prone to high absorption rather than the pristine sample. The thermal annealing processes on the spin-coated VOPcPhO thin films are observed to significantly enhance the features of light absorption and surface morphology. Hence, annealed thin films of VOPcPhO can xAbstract be incorporated in the organic electronic devices, where such features are of prime importance. The spectroscopic studies on a VOPcPhO and (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend, are performed. The blends of VOPcPhO and PCBM, with three different concentrations, are prepared in chloroform and their thin films are deposited by casting process. Spectroscopic studies have been carried out on these films to study the effect of doping of PCBM on VOPcPhO. An increase in the absorption coefficient has been observed with increasing dopant concentration. Optical energy gap appears to decrease from 3.32 eV to 3.26 eV with a variation of 0–75 % of PCBM concentration in the VOPCPHO films. To examine the sensing potential of VOPcPhO, Ag/VOPcPhO/Ag and Al/VOPcPhO/Pt surface-type structures are fabricated using the techniques of vacuum thermal evaporation, photolithography and spin casting. The effect of humidity is investigated on the electrical properties of these sensors. The symmetric type Ag/VOPcPhO/Ag devices of three different thicknesses are fabricated using thermal evaporator. Thin films of VOPcPhO are deposited on thoroughly cleaned glass substrates with pre-patterned Ag electrodes of 40 μm gap obtained using shadow mask. The effect of humidity is studied on their capacitance and the device with lesser thickness is observed more sensitive towards humidity. The asymmetric type Al/VOPcPhO/Pt device is fabricated using photolithography and spin casting. Thin film of VOPcPhO is spin casted on glass substrate with lithographically pre-patterned Al and Pt electrodes of 17 μm gap. Effect of moisture is examined on the capacitive and resistive response of Al/VOPcPhO/Pt co- planar structure. A 100-folds increase was observed in the capacitance of the VOPcPhO sensing material with an elevation of relative humidity level from 0 – 95 %RH. The resistance of the sensor reduced from 2.9 GΩ to 2.1 MΩ with increasing level of humidity. Adequate sensing properties, such as enough sensitivity, reasonable response and recovery times have been obtained. The humidity-dependent properties of the sensor make it a good match for its potential application in commercial hygrometers. The sensor with asymmetric electrodes has shown better sensitivity which xiAbstract may be ascribed to the relatively smaller gap between the electrodes or different work functions of the electrodes. A thin‐film, single‐layer organic solar cell has been fabricated from the VOPc derivative. The photoactive layer of VOPcPhO has been sandwiched between aluminum (Al) and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes to produce photovoltaic device. The device has exhibited photovoltaic effect with the values of J sc , V oc , and FF equal to 5.26 x 10 -6 A/cm 2 , 0.62121 V and 0.33, respectively. However, the device results in low efficiency which can be improved by introducing an acceptor material to form bulk heterojunction solar cell. The VOPcPhO blended with a matched acceptor material has potential application for improved efficiency of the bulk heterojunction type organic solar cells. The electronic parameters of the cell have also been extracted from I-V characteristics in dark. The ideality factor and barrier height were found to be 2.69 and 0.416 eV, respectively.
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