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ماحصل

 

 ماحصل

 

          سیالکوٹ کی مٹی بڑی ذرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے۔ خطۂ سیالکوٹ نے علم و ادب اور فنونِ لطیفہ کے میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سر انجام دی ہیں ۔سیالکوٹ کی علمی و ادبی اہمیت مسلمہ ہے ۔ ہر دور میں خواہ وہ ہندو راج ہو یا مغلیہ راج یا انگریز راج سیالکوٹ نے ہر دور میں علمی و ادبی مرکز کے حوالے سے اپنی شناخت قائم رکھی ہے۔ یہاں سے بہت سی نامور روحانی اور علمی و ادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیا ہے اور بعض نے یہاں کی روحانی او ر علمی و ادبی شخصیات سے فیض حاصل کیا ہے۔ سیالکوٹ قبل مسیح بھی ایک عظیم تعلیمی مرکز تھا۔ ۷۰۰ ق سے ۶۰۰ ق م تک یہ اتنا عظیم تعلیمی مرکز تھا کہ بنارس کے شہزادے حصول علم کے لیے یہاں آتے تھے۔ مغلیہ عہدِ حکومت میں سیالکوٹ برصغیر پاک و ہند کے علمی مراکز میں سے ایک اہم علمی مرکز تھا۔ خاص طورپر ملاکمال کشمیری( م ۱۰۱۷ہجری) اور ان کے شاگرد ملا عبدالحکیم سیالکوٹی کے مکاتبِ فکر نے بڑی شہرت پائی جہاں برصغیر اور بیرون برصغیر کے دور دراز گوشوں سے طالبانِ علم کھینچے چلے آتے تھے۔ حضرت مجدد الف ثانی بھی ملا کمال کے شاگرد تھے۔ اور انھوں نے ان کے مکتب سے تعلیم حاصل کی۔ ۱۸۵۰ء سے ۱۹۰۰ء کے دوران سیالکوٹ میں مولانا شیر محمد، مولانا غلام حسن، مولانا غلام مرتضیٰ ،مولوی محبوب اور مولوی میر حسن بہت بڑے عالم فاضل گزرے ہیں ۔ ان اساتذہ کے اپنے کتب خانے بھی تھے۔ڈاکٹر علامہ محمد اقبال نے عربی کی ابتدائی تعلیم مولانا غلام حسن کے مدرسہ میں حاصل کی۔ مولوی ابراہیم میر سیالکوٹی علامہ اقبال کے ہم جماعت تھے۔ فیض احمد فیض نے حفظِ قرآن اور عربی کی تعلیم مولوی میر سیالکوٹی...

The Need of Efficient Water Management in Pakistan

Water is a sign of life, all living beings need it to remain alive. It is natural commodity and three fourth of this planet is water. Still not all is suitable for human consumption and sufficient to meet the ever increasing demands. Availability and supply of water is getting scarce with increasing population of states especially the developing societies. If we look at the history of life on this planet, we find that the humanity has suffered disasters on acquisition and possession of natural resources which are vital for survival of one group, may be at the cost of others. Water falls in that category where if not properly managed its scarcity and stress would lead to unending conflicts and wars till demands equals the supply with the destruction of extra consumptions. Solution to the disastrous situation is in efficient management of water. The efficient and effective management combines awareness and justified storage and distribution of water by the states within their domains. Modern technology and management provides solutions for this efficient management of water by the states. ______

Estimates of Genetic Parameters in Rapeseed Using Diallel Analysis

Pakistan is deficient in edible oils and for its domestic requirement it mainly relies on heavy import which costs more than two billion US dollar each year. This situation can be overcome by developing new high yielding oilseed genotypes. Rapeseed/ mustards is the second largest contributors in domestic edible oil production and if given due attention could help to reduce the burden of heavy imports. The present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters of morphological, yield and the seed biochemical traits in rapeseed. For the study, rapeseed genotypes namely AUP-01, AUP-05, AUP-07, AUP-08, AUP-10, AUP-13, AUP-I8 and AUP-2I were selected and hybridized in eight by eight diallel method to develop the FI crosses during 2014/15. In 2015/16 cropping season, evaluation of 56 FI hybrids along with parents were performed at AUP-Peshawar. Different statistical approaches were used to study genetic varriability, hetreosis, combining ability, gene action and h2 for days to flowering, maturity, primary branchs per plant, plant hieght, pods main receme-1, pod length, pods per plant, seed per pod, thousand-grain weight, seeds yield per plant and quality parameters including percent oil, percent protein, percent oleic acid, percent linolenic acid, glucosinolate and the percent erucic acid. The means square exhibited significant variation among parental lines and FI progenies signifying the presence of considerable difference for all the studied parameters among genotypes. Mean performance revealed parental genotype AUP-2I as best parent as it performed better for days to maturity (167.0 days), pods per plant (335.3), thousand grain weight (7.1 g), seeds yield (30.6 g), protein content (25.9%) and glucosinolate content (53.7%). However, AUP-07, AUP-13 and AUP-I8 were also found better for other traits. Among FI hybrids, AUP-10 × AUP-I8 showed maximum seeds yield (36.5 g) and moderate days to maturity (177). Desirable signaficantnegitive best parent and the comercial heterotic effects was detected in 19 and 12 hybrids for the days to flowers, 17 and 13 hybrids for maturity, 13 and 10 hybrids for linolenic acid, 39 and 6 hybrids for glucosinolates, and 40 and 37 hybrids for the erucic acid contents, respectively. Desired signaficant positive best parent and commercial heterosis were estimated for pods per plantin 16 and 17 FI hybrids, for thousand grain weight in 11 and 05 FI hybrids, and for seeds yield per plant in I8 and 01 FI hybrids, respectively. For oil and protein content, 13 and 19 and 12 and 11 crossese showed best parent and commercial heterosis, respectively. Current study revealed, AUP-05 × AUP-01, AUP-10 × AUP-I8, AUP-01 × AUP-07, AUP-2I × AUP-13 as well as AUP-I8 × AUP-10 as top ranking hybrids for important traits. SCA, GCA and RCA analysis applying Griffing Model-II, Method-I approach revealed highly significant general (GCA), specific (SCA) and reciprocal combining ability (RCA) effects for the studied traits except days to flowering and maturity. The Griffing analysis identified parental genotype AUP-05 best for pods length; thousand grain weight and protein contents. AUP-2I was best for maturity whereas AUP-I8 was best for pods per plants, seeds yield per plant, oil, glucosinolate and oleic acid. As per SCA effects, FI hybrids AUP-01 × AUP-05 was best for maturity, AUP-10 × AUP-I8 for seeds yield per plant, thousand grain weight, and erucic content, AUP -01 × AUP -07 for the oil contents, AUP-05 × AUP-08 for protein, AUP-05 × AUP-13 for glucosinolate content and oleic contents. Desirable Reciprocal effect for maturity and seeds yield per plant were revealed by the cross AUP-10 × AUP-05 and AUP-07 × AUP-01, repectively. However, desired RCA values for biochemical parameters were presented for AUP-07 × AUP-05, AUP-08 × AUP-01 and AUP-2I × AUP-01. The estimated variances due to general (σ2GCA) and specific combining ability (σ2SCA) and the predictability ratio being less than one specified the significant role of the non adittive genes for the studied traits in rapeseeds genotype. The scaling test (t2 test and regression analysis) for genetic analysis in FI generation proved partial adequate of edditive and dominance model for flowerings and maturaties, plant hieght, pods main shoot-1, pods per plant, pod length, seed per pod, thousand-seed weight, protein, erucic acid and oleic acid content whereas model for remaining studied traites was fully adequate. Hayman diallel analysis showed the signaficant role of both adittive and dominance genetic effects in the expression of important traites in rapeseed. Further, higher estimates of H1 and H2 (dominance) over D (adittive variances), showed prime position of non adittive genetic effect for the most traits. Environmental component was also significant specifying its role in the manifestation of the studied traites. The scattering of the genotypes on Wr/Vr graph showed the presence of genetic varriability among genotypes for the studied traits. The broad sence h2 values was medium to high whereas, narrow sence estimates was low, signifying greater role of dominant genes and the effectiveness of selection in later segregating generations for improving these parameters. From means and GCA, current studies identified AUP-05, AUP-I8 and AUP-2I, were found best (high) general combiners. These parental lines in combination with other lines (low) performed better hence and produced best crosses. On the basis of means, hetreosis and SCA/RCA, FI crosses (AUP-05 × AUP-01, AUP-10 × AUP-18, AUP-18 × AUP-10, AUP-05 × AUP-13, AUP-01 × AUP-07, AUP-05 × AUP-08, AUP-07 × AUP-01, AUP-2I × AUP-13 and AUP-13 × AUP-2I) were found best for important traits showing the involvement of high into high, high into low, low into low combinations in production of new hybrids. These parents and crosses could be an asset for rapeseed breeding programs. The information generated from this study is useful for breeders to develop hybrids/varieties with better seeds yield and oil quality traits through hetereosis breeding.
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