Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

زندہ ہے بھٹو

زندہ ہے بھٹو

                                                                                                                رضا زیدی

سیدھی بات ہے جو موت کو ،امیر المومنین علی ؑ کی سنت پر دلیری سے عمل پیرا ہوتے ہوئے ۔کامیابی سمجھ کر گلے سے لگائے وہ بھٹو بن جا تا ہے ۔اس کی زندگی کا مذاق اڑانے یا جلنے والے جلتے جلتے مر جاتے ہیں ۔مٹ جاتے ہیں اور بھٹو گردشِ لیل و نہارکے ساتھ ساتھ اپنی زندگی ،اپنے وجود اور اپنی خوشبو محسوس کراتا رہتا ہے ۔۔۔۔زندہ ہے بھٹو جلنے والے دفع دور رہیں ۔

جب تک سورج رہے گا

بھٹو تیرا نام رہے گا

یہ شخص ایک شکست خوردہ ملک کا سربراہ تھا ۔سامنے والی خاتون فاتح تھی اور اس کی قید میں اس شخص کی نوے ہزار سپاہ تھی اور اس کی زمین کا خاطر خواہ حصہ اس خاتون کے قبضے میں تھا ۔پھر بھی اس شخص کے چہرے پر اعتماد اطمینان اور اس کی بدن بولی دیکھیے ۔ایک شکست خوردہ ملک کا صدر مذکرات کی میز پر وہ سب کچھ جیت گیا جو ہم ممیدانِ جنگ میں ہار چکے تھے ۔

 

Islam and Society: Role of the Departments of Islamic Studies, an Analytical Study

This study elaborates the connection between Islam and society and the role of Islam in the formulation and reformation of a society. This research highlights the need and the significance of the concept of developing a linkage between the religious and otherwise classes of society. The study primarily focuses on the role and the influence of the departments of Islamic studies in Pakistani universities in defusing tensions and promoting peace and hormony among various classes of society. The study includes an analysis of the visions, mission statements and the objectives of the various departments of Islamic studies in leading universities of the country. The article highlights the system of education in Islam and the problems in the system of education of Pakistan which play a part in the role of the departments of Islamic studies. The research also focuses on the role of the students and the teachers of the departments of Islamic studies in the light of Islamic teachings.

Characterization and Bio-Control of Fruit and Root Rot Pathogens of Bell Pepper

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) belongs to family ‘Solanaceae’ is among the most popular and highly profitable vegetable throughout the world. Among various biotic constraints fruit and root rot fungal pathogens contribute the most in reducing the bell pepper produce qualitatively and quantitatively throughout the worldwide including Pakistan. No detailed studies prior to this work have been conducted in Pothohar plateau, Punjab, Pakistan. Consequently, there was a dire need to conduct a comprehensive study for documenting prevalence and incidence of fruit and root rot diseases. Moreover, fungicides are being used extensively against the disastrous fruit and root rot pathogens. These fungicides not only contaminate the environment but also are health risk for human beings. During 2015-16 and 2016-17 bell pepper cropping season, extensive surveys were conducted in 9 tehsils/territory of Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Islamabad territory. A total of 8 greenhouses and 45 farmer’s fields/low plastic tunnels were visited at seedling and maturity stage to document fungal pathogen associated with fruit and root rot of bell pepper and their incidence. The survey revealed four pathogens viz. Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Botrytis, and Alternaria were found responsible for fruit rot in bell pepper. In greenhouse, Botrytis was mainly found associated with fruit rot with 15.13 percent fruit rot incidence (%FRI) followed by Fusarium (13.63%) and Alternaria (9.69%). In open fields the Colletotrichum (20.73%) was mainly found associated with fruit rot, followed by Fusarium (12.04%), Alternaria (8.92%) and Botrytis (6.73%). Three pathogens viz. Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium were found associated with root rot. At seedling stage, the mean incidence of Rhizoctonia was the maximum (19.25%) followed by Fusarium (15.63%) and Sclerotium (4.63%) root rot. In low plastic tunnels, the overall incidence of Fusarium was the maximum (15.98%) followed by Rhizoctonia (14.1%) and Sclerotium (7.38%) root rot. At maturity stage in greenhouses, the incidence of Fusarium was the maximum (9.25%) followed by Rhizoctonia (6.22%) and Sclerotium (4.94%) root rot. However, in open fields, the incidence of Sclerotium was the maximum (14.35%) followed by Fusarium (8.31%) and Rhizoctonia (6.15%) root rot. Analysis of fruit and root rot samples employing morphological characterization, showed prevalence of 8 fungal species (Colletotrichum truncatum, Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium proliferatum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium equiseti, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii) belonging to 6 genera. Phylogenetic analysis showed the genetic homology of the subject isolates with previously submitted isolates in GenBank, confirming the morphological characterization. Highly virulent isolates of the most prevalent pathogen from fruit (C. truncatum isolate ACT12) and root (F. equiseti isolate FJH15) established during the pathogenicity test were selected for in vitro bio-control trials. Among natural compounds, chitosan was found the most effective with 55.55% radial mycelial growth inhibition at 2.5% concentration followed by salicylic acid (53.33%) and calcium chloride (27.77%). All the tested volatiles completely inhibited the radial mycelial growth at 100 ppm. Out of three Trichoderma species, T. harzianum was found the most effective with the maximum percent RMGI of 56.1%, followed by T. viride (53.5%) and T. hamatum (48.7%). The present study documents the fruit and root rot pathogens in Pothohar Plateau, Punjab, Pakistan. The morpho-molecular characterization further identifies pathogens up to specie level. The exploration of bio-control strategies in vitro will help to develop effective management under field conditions.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Recent Searches