Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

۱۔ دستِ فراخ

دست ِ فراخ

میں وہ تیرگی ہوں

 جس کے واسطے

آسماںکو چیرتے

اک نورِ عظیم سے

دشت کی وسعتیں چمک اٹھیں

پہاڑوں کو چوٹیاں دمک اٹھیں

میں وجہِ قیام ِطویل ہوں

کہ شب بھی رو پڑے

 خدا بھی پکار اٹھے

 بس کیجیے !بس کیجیے

میں وہ خاکِ خوش نصیب ہوں

جس پہ تحائفِ سماوی کا نزول ہے

میں آنسوئوں سے تروہ دعا ہوں

جسے ازل سے اندیشہ ٔ رد نہیں

جو فقط قبول ہے،قبول ہے

 میں وہ غم ِ بختیار ہوں

جسے دلِ اطہر کی پناہ ملی

 وہ راہ نور ہوں

جسے روشن نگاہ ملی

بس اب اتنی ہے آرزو

پاک فضا میں سانس لوں

زمزم میرا مشروب ہو

سایۂ سبز تلے پڑا رہوں

اور جب ہو عالمِ تشنگی

 ساقیِ دو جہاں کے دستِ فراخ سے

وہ جامِ تمنا نصیب ہو

جس کی سدا تمنا رہی

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Menstrual Hygiene among Government and Private School Girls KAP towards menstrual hygiene in school girls

Menstruation is a normal physiological process unique to females. Pre-menarche is characterized by physiological, cognitive, and psychological transitions which may be initiated from the midst of their second decade. The onset of puberty/ menstruation in girls tends to change their role in society. Overall inadequate awareness levels accompanied by socio-cultural taboos and prevailing myths and misconceptions about menarche and menstruation have played havoc on human society. Objective: To diagnose and compare the prevailing level ofknowledge, attitude, and practices of adolescent girls studying in government and private schoolstowards menstrual hygiene and management. Methods: This Analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Jouhar Girls High School and Shiblee Grammar School System, Gulberg Branch (private) Faisalabad. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed. Prior formal written approval from school authorities was followed by the pre-planned scheduled visits, explaining the purpose of the study, assuring confidentiality of acquired information, and self-administration of survey-based questionnaires. Results: The results indicated that the mean age at menarches of the girls was 13.69±0.95 years. A relatively more percentage of government (59.6%) school respondents followed by private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). Motivated by the socio-cultural taboos and /or fear or shame a majority of government (59.6%) and private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). A strong prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) was found in private school girls 87(49.2%) and 21(11.9%), followed by respective percentages of 78(43.8%), 16(9.0%) amongst the government school respondents who recorded their responses as agreed and strongly agreed about the development of reproductive tract infection in the post-menstruation period. As far as the adoption of hygienic practices is concerned a relatively high percentage of government school 28(15.7%) followed by private school 14(7.9%) girls strongly disagreed about changing their absorbent material on daily basis. The development of skin abrasions like rashes, itching, and urinary tract infection was found in a relatively high proportion amongst the government school girls 30(16.9%) followed by private school respondents 18(10.2%) in the post-menstruation period. A most common and alarming unhygienic practice prevalent amongst the government and private school girls was the reuse of absorbent cloth,   who responded as agreed and strongly agreed in respective terms as 43(24.2%),   22(12.4%), and 69(39%) and 28(15.8%).  Conclusions: The study concluded that the persistent myths, misconceptions, socio-cultural taboos, and unhygienic practices i.e. Use of old clothes as absorbent, reuse of absorbent material, and delaying tendency of changing absorbent,   amongst the adolescent school girls of government and private institutes which may pose direct adverse health and life quality concerns for the female Pakistani community. The current situation calls for active participatory contributions from education communities to initiate various communication and awareness campaigns regarding pre-menarche knowledge and menstruation management which may aid to strengthen and transform their role as a significant representative of society. 

Decorative Elements of the Faisal Mosque, Islamabad

The Faisal Mosque, considered by many critics to be the most successful modern mosque found in the Islamic countries, had never been the subject of a rigorous monograph. This dissertation seeks to fill this gap. The mosque is unique in its structural design and surface decorations. The dissertation gives a comprehensive study of the structural forms and the decorative elements. The material in the front four chapters is presented in the order of a walking tour of the mosque. In first chapter external features of the mosque and its setting against the Margala Hills are discussed. In the second chapter a tour of the mosque is began and the plan, entrances, and multiple levels are explained. In third chapter the tour is continued, and we enter in the sanctuary to discuss the internal features of the sanctuary and their symbolism. In fourth chapter decorative elements of the mosque such as mih*rāb, minbar, mu’adhdhin pew, marble fountain kursī and thirty volumes of the sanctuary are explained. In fifth chapter we present an analysis of the calligraphic styles used in the mosque noting the several instances of “compute” Kūfic and cursive scripts. In sixth chapter we talk about life history of Vedat Dalokay, its prize winning national and international projects, and influences of the Faisal Mosque on later built mosques of Punjab, Pakistan. Traditional decorative techniques such as mosaic work, metal engraving, marble carving, lattice work, tarkashi and variations of the traditional ones like tile decoration, inlay work and intarsia as used in this mosque are unusual in Pakistan. The techniques are discussed with special reference to the Faisal Mosque along with knowledge of their historical applications in mosques throughout the Islamic world. The rich selection of geometric designs in the mosque is described. In some cases, as in the book form of the mih*rāb, we have pointed out similar shape; shapes – in the chevron-tiles on the walls and metal chevron ornaments on doors – that shows unity of design and a symbolism of the Qur’ān itself. The mosque is an amalgam of different influences, which is combined through polygonal geometry. Ancient Egyptian, Greco-Roman, Arabian, Turkish, Iranian, Indian Sultanate and Mughal influences are pointed out. Architect of the mosque deserve appreciation to create a master piece in the field of architectural and surface decoration. After its construction several mosques of Punjab, Pakistan copied elements of its structure. Data was assembled from both primary and secondary sources. Interviews with the civil engineer of the Faisal Mosque Ahmad Rafiq, and several other architects as well as meetings with experts, artisans and concerned persons were part of the research. Published information on the Faisal Mosque was gathered from libraries located in Lahore and Islamabad and various web sites. Comparisons were made with forms used throughout Islamic world from the eight century to present. Late twentieth century mosques in Lahore and Islamabad were visited to see if the Faisal Mosque had influenced their form and decoration. The study required extensive new photographs, drawings and ground plans. Pictures and drawings are by the author unle
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.