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۔مابعد جدید کےنظریہ کا اصل مقولہ

 

 مابعد جدید کےنظریہ کا اصل مقولہ

 احمد سہیل

میرے تقریبا آدھی صدی کے ادبی سفر میں میرا زیادہ تر وقت ادبی نطرئیے کی تنقید اور اس کی تفھیم اور تشریح میں گذرے۔ اس حوالے سے میں  نے چار کتابیں  ' جدید تھیٹر' ، ساختیات'، تنقیدی تحریرین اور  ' تنقیدی مخاطبہ' کے  نام سے چار کتابیں لکھی اور   سیکرو مضامین ادب کے تنقیدی نظرئیے پر لکھے جو  اردو اور انگریزی کے   ادبی اور علمی جرائد میں شائع ہوئے۔ میں نے یہ محسوس کیا کی اردو کا  ادبی اور تنقیدی محاول ادبی تنقیدی نظرئیے میں زیادہ سنجیدہ نہیں ہے یا  شاید اس کو یہ سمھ نہیں آتا۔

 یہ خاکسار آج  مابعد جدید نظرئیے پر  اساسی اور چند  اہم نکات پر  مختصرا بات کرے گا۔ اور   یہ بھی چاہوں گا کی شفاف اور آسان زبان میں " مابعد جدیدت" کا مفہوم واضح ہو جائے۔

*** مابعد جدیدت کیا ہے؟ ***

مابعد جدیدیت ایک ادبی صنف اور اسلوب کے لیے ایک اصطلاح ہے جو 20ویں صدی کے دوسرے نصف میں ابھری۔ مابعد جدیدیت کی تعریف میں، ادب نئی خوبیوں اور خصوصیات کو اپناتا ہے جو اس سے پہلے کی دہائیوں میں نہیں تھیں۔ مابعد جدیدیت پسند مصنفین نے اپنی زندگی کے دوران دنیا میں رونما ہونے والے اہم واقعات کے گرد اپنے شدید احساسات کو تلاش کرنے کے لیے قائم کردہ ادبی کنونشنوں کو کمزور کرنے کی کوشش کی۔

ایک عام اور وسیع تر اصطلاح جس کا اطلاق ادب، فن، فلسفہ، فن تعمیر، افسانہ، اور ثقافتی اور ادبی تنقید پر ہوتا ہے۔ مابعد جدیدیت بڑی حد تک سائنسی، یا مقصدی، حقیقت کی وضاحت کی کوششوں کے مفروضہ یقین کا ردعمل ہے۔ جوہر میں، یہ ایک...

E-Commerce and its Effects in Supply Chain Management

E-Commerce in today’s world is playing an important role in global business. A quantitative and quantitative research was conducted with professional members, employees working in organization which are dealing with E-Business or online working via internet and their views gave an empirical and dynamic approach to make business efficient and effective. Connectivity with market to find best manufacture for goods and for manufacture to finds its buyer for their finished goods. Flow of information become faster and gathering of data become easier to make activities of business to get optimal results. Numbers of goods are available complications to finds goods are removed by complimentary goods. Supplies of goods at proper time in order to meet demand by consumer plays win to win game. Improved methods of technology like RFID make work easier and accessible information about goods to management. Manpower in forms of labor is reducing which leads to decrease in the cost of goods. Ordering cost saves time and gives a specified time both producers to make commodity and consumer for delivery of goods. E-Commerce with contrast of components of supply chain in the form of ware house, logistics, number of listing suppliers, number of listing items on one web in the form of website on one platform give dynamic image to businesses in the race of competitive world. Business transactions done with internet not only reduce time but also make documents or records for longer time able to send data from distant parts of the world. Through websites we can get completive price information and other relevant information for goods.

A Study of Investigate the Factors Affecting the Quality of Teacher Education at Secondary Level in Pakistan

The main objective of the study was to determine the quality and draw out the factors affecting the quality of Teacher Education Program at B.Ed. level in Pakistan. The University of Education Lahore, its campuses and affiliated colleges called Government Colleges for Elementary Teachers (GCETs) were included in this study. All the principals, 160 faculty members and 400 prospective teachers were taken as a sample of this study. A framework was developed after reviewing a comprehensive study on “Quality Indicators for Teacher Education” conducted by the National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) India in 2007 in collaboration with the Common Wealth of Learning (COL). In the light of the framework, a research model was developed for the generalization of this study. Three five point rating scales were developed in order to find out the worth and to draw out the factors affecting the quality of this program. The collected data were analyzed by applying inferential as well as descriptive statistics. The hindering factors of quality assurance in teacher Education program were also drawn out from different indicators and sub indicators on the basis of their respective mean combine values. The results of the study showed the poor quality of the Teacher Training program (B.Ed.) in the sampled institutions. Poor infrastructure, Lack of awareness about quality, inappropriate admission procedures and criteria, worn out course contents, deficiency of laboratory schools, much theoretical course contents, Lack of guidance and counseling units, dearth of research activities and environment were found as factors affecting the quality of Teacher Education Program. Developing the infrastructure, revamping curriculum, enhancing the quality awareness and quality management mechanisms, arranging continuous trainings regarding quality management, Use of reflective, micro and cooperative teaching by the Teachers, establishing guidance and counseling units in all the TTIs, focusing on the creation of research based and research oriented environment in all the Teacher Training Institutions and the insertion of a new discipline regarding Quality Management in the B.Ed. program were recommended in this study.
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