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مراتب اختر معاصرین کی نظر میں

مراتب اختر معاصرین کی نظر میں

 

                مراتب اخترنے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اپنے منفرد ڈِکشن کی بنا پر شہرت حاصل کی۔ انھیں مجیدامجد کی صحبت سے فیض یاب ہونے کا موقع بھی مِلا۔ مجیدامجد سے اُن کی ملاقاتیں بھی اُن کے جدید شعری رجحان کا سبب بنیں۔ مجیدامجد مراتب اختر کے بارے میں کہتے ہیں:

یہ ایک شاعر ہیں جو غزل کہتے ہیں اور غزل ان کے عقیدئہ حیات کا ایک جزو ہے۔ یہ عقیدہ ان کی رُوح کے لیے شرط ایمان ہے، کوئی عجب شیفتگی ہے جو انھیں اس صنف کے ساتھ ہے۔ ایک عمر سے وہ غزل کے مصنوعی انداز کو نکھارنے میں مصروف ہیں۔ یہاں ان اشعار کے اندر ایک بالکل نیا چہرہ مفاہیم ہے۔ لذتِ بیان کی ایک انوکھی سرشاری ہے۔ بظاہر ایک سہمی ہوئی آواز ہے لیکن دراصل یہ اپنی ہی توانائی سے شرمائی ہوئی آواز ہے۔ نئے اِمکانات اظہار ہیں، نیا جلوئہ حروف ہے۔ ایسا معلوم ہوتا ہے گویا اظہار کے پردے میں شاعر اپنے آپ ہی سے مخاطب ہے۔ خود ہی اپنی آواز، خود ہی اس کا سننے والا اور خود ہی اس سے کیفیت گیر ہے۔ ان اشعار پر مکاشفوں کا گمان ہوتا ہے۔ اپنے تاثر پر اپنا اعتقاد، اپنے اعتقاد پر اپنا ایمان، اپنے اسی اطمینان کا وقار، ان کے ہر شعر سے جھلکتا ہے۔ جابجا ایک ضبط ہے جس کی اپنی تمکنت ہے۔ ایک شکستگی ہے جس کا اپنا جلال ہے۔ ایک کرب مہجوری ہے، جس میں گراوٹ نہیں متانت ہے۔ ایسا احساس ہوتا ہے جیسے محبوب کے ساتھ بات کرتے وقت شاعر کے لہجے میں محبوب کا انداز رضامندی اس میں شامِل ہو گیا ہے۔۔۔ جہاں خارجی اشیاء کا بیان ہے، وہاں یوں لگتا ہے جیسے یہ اشیاء اپنا ٹھوس وجود...

قرآنی قصص مریم علیھا السلام کا ماخذ: استشراقی رجحانات کا تنقیدی جائزہ

Sources of Quranic Narrates of Syda Mariam (AS): A Critical Analysis of Orientalistic Approach Origin of the Qur’ᾱnic narrates towards Mariam Virgin (AS) has broadly been under debate in orientalist studies. Orientalist, in general, have had the opinion that Qur’ᾱnic stories of virgin Mariam were not the divine revelation; these are plagiarized and utilized from Christian apocryphal sources and literature like Arabic Gospel of infancy and Protoevangelium of James. This research paper’s questions were that according to Orientalist: is it true that the sources of Qur’ᾱnic Stories of Mariam (AS) are plagiarized from apocryphal Christian literature and Quran has done mistake about name of Mariam (AS)'s father and brother. This research is historical and textual. In conclusion, if anyone who has sincerely studied dating apocryphal literature and its dating should be able to see that his sincerity negates taking data for making Qur'ᾱnic narrates towards virgin Mariam (AS) from Christian apocryphal impacts upon Qur'ᾱnic narrate and also this paper shows that Christian developed their apocryphal literature after revelation of Quran.

Analysis of Foreign Language Teachers’ Professional Development: A Case Study of National University of Modern Languages

This case study was aimed at analyzing the current status of foreign language teachers’ professional development (FLTPD) at NUML, with focus on key areas of training & qualification, key teaching competencies, enabling competencies, and professionalism and measures taken by concerned authorities for their professional development (PD) in these areas. “European Profiling Grid” for language teachers’ PD was used as conceptual framework. This multiple instrumental case study was delimited to foreign language (FL) teachers working in 15 FL departments of NUML and each department was considered as a case. It was a mixed method descriptive research; both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to collect and analyze data. Triangulation design was used; multiple perspectives were considered, involving FL teachers, their heads and university administration. Questionnaire, semi-structured interview and document analysis were used for data collection, which were designed keeping in view the conceptual framework. Data was collected during spring 2015, was analyzed for each of the 15 cases separately and later merged together for interpretation. This study analyzed the current situation of different factors that affect PD including working conditions, developmental stages of teachers and their organization. Findings of this study revealed that although opportunities are being provided but most of them are not specifically designed for FL teachers. More focused PD is needed to improve these areas, especially education & training, assessed teaching, methodology: knowledge & skills, and digital media need further development. Other problems faced by FL teachers include limited opportunities of higher education in Pakistan, lack of personal resources and organizational support for going to TL countries, unclear administrative policies, inadequate facilities for research, lack of time and human resources, lack of leadership, absence of qualified FL teacher educators, lack of collegial sharing and interaction, no access to latest material and technology, absence of motivation and incentives etc. This study provided statistics and recommendations for the introduction and development of an adequate and uniform process of PD according to the needs and levels of FL teachers and need of specific FLTPD through professional FL teacher educators was emphasized in the recommendations.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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