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مولاناظفر احمد عثمانی

ڈاکٹر اعجاز حسین ؍ ڈاکٹر مسیح الزماں
گزشتہ مہینہ میں ڈاکٹر اعجاز حسین سابق صدر شعبہ اردو الہ آباد یونیورسٹی کا انتقال حرکت قلب بند ہوجانے سے مظفرپور میں ہوگیا، جہاں وہ ممتحن بن کر گئے ہوئے تھے، ان کی میت الہ آباد لائی گئی، اپنی ملازمت سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد بھی لکھنے پڑھنے کا شغل جاری رکھا تھا، اہم اور مفید کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، جن میں مختصر تاریخ ادب اردو اور نئے ادبی رجحانات وغیرہ زیادہ مقبول ہوئیں، اپنے شاگردوں میں بہت مقبول رہے، ان کی وفات سے اردو ادب ایک بہت ہی لائق مصنف اور خدمت گزار سے محروم ہوگیا، ان سے کچھ ہی روز پہلے ڈاکٹر مسیح الزماں ریڈیو شعبہ اردو الہ آباد یونیورسٹی کی بھی وفات اچانک ہوگئی، اردو کی مرثیہ نگاری ان کا خاص موضوع تھا، ان کی عمر وفا کرتی تو اس صنف میں ان کا ادبی کارنامہ بڑا قابل قدر ہوتا، وہ پروفیسر مسعود حسن رضوی سابق صدر شعبہ اردو لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی کے داماد تھے، جن کے لئے اس کبرسنی میں یہ سانحہ بڑا ہی جانکاہ ہوگا۔
دعا ہے کہ خدا اردو ادب کے ان دونوں خدمت گزاروں کو غریق رحمت کرے، آمین ثم آمین۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، مارچ ۱۹۷۵ء)

 

اسلامی اخلاقیات واقدار کے فروغ میں خاندانی ماحول کا کردار؛معاصرانہ چیلنجز اور لائحہ عمل The role of family environment in the development of Islamic ethics and values, Contemporary challenges, and action plan

Islamic rules and moral values are unique in all aspects. The members of Muslim Ummah have always tried to promote them. At the national level, this duty was carried out by people at different levels whether they were teachers, businessmen or lay man of the society. At international level, some rulers, business professionals and religious leaders played their role. Man's first relationship is with family. This relationship is the cornerstone in the development of a personality.  There has been a lot of change taken place in the family system. In the past, due to the limited necessities of life the financial responsibility was limited to a few people. Media was not that advanced and bold and family members were loving and respectful. With the beginning of advance era, human needs were widened and to satisfy them, women started participating in economic activities along with men. Due to which the child was shifted from his home to day care centre, while the media gave birth to the social media, the stories of compassion and care in home became the past. In the present era, there is a dire need to remove these barriers that hinder the development of Islamic values through balance between income and expenditure, positive and moderate use of media and positive attitude in family. These issues will be discussed under the answers to the following questions. What is the role of family in the development of Islamic ethics? What are the problems faced by the family in the development of Islamic moral values? What are the solutions to the present-day problems?  

Genetic Basis of Variable Cry1ac Expression in Indigenous Bt Cotton Genotypes

Cotton is the mainstay of Pakistan’s economy with large area of Punjab and Sindh under its cultivation. Bollworms infestation is a big threat to cotton production as it causes severe yield losses. The development of transgenic cotton having Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene producing δ-endotoxin was a success story to get control of bollworm infestation. Dark side of this story was the progressive development of resistant insects against this toxin. The spatio-temporal expression of the transgene is considered one of the reasons for resistant pests. Though the transgene is under the control of constitutive promoter, but expression is not consistent and stable throughout the growing season.Therefore, the present study was planned to examine the basis of the variable expression of Bt gene in the genetic background of local cotton accessions. In this research Bt cotton genotypes were screened at both DNA (qualitative) and protein (quantitative) level to identify the level of expression in various accessions with different genetic background. The results obtained revealed that FH-142 and VH-295 were the highest Cry1Ac expressing genotypes while IUB-222 and MNH-886 were the least. A set of 10 selected Bt genotypes were used to study the season long expression. The plants were sampled at different growth stages (i.e. 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after sowing - DAS) and in different parts (Leaves and Bolls). Intra-plant expression variability was also assessed from upper, middle and lower canopy leaves. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed for the quantification of Cry1Ac gene in the sampled tissues at protein level. The results revealed that 30 DAS leaves had the highest concentration while 150 DAS had the least expression. A gradual decrease in the expression was observed throughout the growing season among all the genotypes with the age of the plant. Leaves expressed higher expression as compared to bolls and other reproductive parts. Upper canopy leaves had considerable amount of δ-endotoxin protein whereas, middle canopy and lower canopy leaves showed a lower level of toxin. Same genotypes were exposed to three different sowing dates to analyse the effect of sowing dates on transgene expression. Significant effects were noticed among all the three sowing dates for Cry1Ac gene concentration. The expression of the transgene significantly reduced at 3rd sowing date due to an increase in temperature (i.e., 38 °C). The results provided the better understanding of Cry1Ac behavior in cotton plant under local climatic conditions. The inheritance pattern of the Cry gene and its associated yield and fiber quality traits were studied in the subsequent generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2). Two high Cry1Ac protein expressing genotypes (FH-142 and VH-295) were crossed with two low Cry1Ac protein expressing genotypes (IUB-222 and MNH-886) and with two non-Bt genotypes (VH-144 and MNH-786). Chi-square analysis for Cry1Ac gene revealed that its inheritance was controlled by single homozygous dominant gene. Most of the yield and fiber quality traits showed the involvement of additive, non-additive and epistatic type of gene action. The study provided guidelines for the development of better performing Bt cotton genotypes with standard toxin expression. Development of high expressing Cry1Ac genotypes with better yield and fiber quality traits is the ultimate solution to avoid insect pest losses and increased cotton production.
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