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چوتھا باب: کتب مقدسہ

تنخ

باب چہارم کے اہم نکات

  1. یہودی کتب مقدسہ کا تعارف۔
  2. مصنفہ و زبانی قانون میں فرق۔
  3. عبرانی بائیبل اور اس کے تراجم کا تعارف، تاریخ اور اہمیت۔
  4. مشنا، جیمارا ور تلمود کا تعارف۔
  5. ہلاخا کی تاریخ و اہمیت۔
  6. اپاکرفا، مدراش، زوہر اور سیدور کا تعارف۔

 

مذہبی یہودی اس بات پر یقین رکھتے ہیں کہ ان کی رہنمائی کے لیے خدا نے متعدد کتابیں نازل کیں۔ یہ کتب خدا کے الفاظ ہیں جو مختلف ادوار میں مختلف انبیا و رسل پر نازل ہوئے۔ چنانچہ وہ ان کتب کو یہودی مذہب کی بنیاد مانتے ہیں۔ یہودیوں کے تمام فرقے ان کتب کی عزت کرتے ہیں، تاہم معنی اخذ کرنے اور تشریحات میں دیگر مذاہب کے پیروکاروں کی طرح ان میں بھی اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے جو مذہبی نقطہ نظر سے کافی اہمیت کا حامل ہے

 

 دریائے نیل کے کنارے اگنے والے نرسل کی طرح کے پودے سے بنائے گئے کاغذ جسے پیپرس/پپائرس/قرطاس مصری کہا جاتا ہے یا جانوروں کی چمڑی سے بنے کاغذ پر انہیں مختلف ادوار میں مختلف لوگوں نے لکھا۔ ہاتھ سے لکھی جانے والی ان کتب میں کاتبین نئے مشمولات بھی شامل کرتے رہے، مثلاً "کتابِ یسعیاہ" چونکہ تین مختلف ادوار سے متعلق ہے اس لیے کہا جاتا ہے کہ اسے تین مختلف لوگوں نے لکھا ہے۔ زیادہ تر محققین کا خیال ہے کہ تقریبا 400 قبل مسیح تک ان کتب کی تکمیل ہوتی رہی ہے۔[1] ان میں سے بیشتر کتب کی زبان عبرانی ہے جبکہ کچھ کتابیں آرامی زبان میں بھی لکھی گئیں ہیں۔ آرامی ذخیرہ الفاظ میں عبرانی سے ملتی جلتی ہے لیکن گرائمر اور لغوی اعتبار سے مختلف ہے۔۔ جلاوطنی سے پہلے تک یہ کتب...

Scope of State in Legislation from Islamic Perspective

Islamic law is basically a part of a holistic system based primarily on the divine message enclosed in the Holy Qur'an and traditions of the Prophet (SAW), which are the main fundamental sources of Islamic law. After the demise of the Prophet (SAW), field of Ijtehād started development, which was already approved by the Prophet (SAW) in his life. The companions of the Prophet (SAW) developed the notion of Ijmā while early Muslim jurists discovered the Qiyās, Maslaha, Istislāh, Istehsān etc. Determining the location of authority and its scope in law-making has remained a complex situation for the western philosophers since long. As far as the case of Muslims is concerned, they are in the position to find solution of this situation as to where the authority dwells; enabling them to resolve many queries which seemed to be unanswered for the long time. It is important for the Muslims to comprehend the concept of Islamic institutions from the perspective of Islamic frame work and legal as well as constitutional history of Islamic history.

Autonomous Weapons and Their Compliance with International Humanitarian Law

This research will firstly, try to analyze as well try to bring light on the recent entry of autonomous weapons together with the issues pertaining to the usage of these lethal weapons and the compliance of these A.I based fully autonomous weapons with the laws, rules and principle of war including their compliance with international humanitarian law. These weapons are fully automatic and autonomous skilled with acquiring target without human emotion or cultural limitations. These weapons are capable of selecting the target and executing the targets on their own, without any human interference. It can be enabled to assess the situational setting on a combat zone and to make a decision on the required attack according to the processed information. These artificial intelligence-based weapons totally lack all the characteristic of human intelligence and decisions that make humans subject and accountable to rules and norms. Recently, the usage and deployment of these AI machines had posed threat to the norms and principle of laws of war, they have posed the fundamental challenge to the protection of civilians and to comply with the principle of international humanitarian law such as principle of distinction, principle of proportionality, principle of Military Necessity and Article 36 of additional protocol-I to Geneva conventions of 1949 etc. As autonomous weapons are not able to distinguish between soldiers and civilians they create a serious issue of whether they should be banned or not. Secondly, will tryto attempt and explain the question of responsibility for usingautonomous weapons, An autonomous weapon does not have agency, moral or otherwise, and subsequently cannot be held accountable for its actions. Moreover, if autonomous weapons were used in limited situations in the belief that they could function with discrimination, it would be problematic to choose exactly who was accountable for mishaps
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